La novela Papi, de la escritora Rita Indiana Hernández, se puede considerar como una obra de ruptura en la literatura dominicana. Publicada por primera vez en 2005 y reeditada en 2011 por la editorial española Periférica, la obra no solo muestra que la rigidez de las fronteras espaciales y culturales es una convención anclada en ideologías caducas que no reflejan nuestra realidad actual, sino que también acoge un modelo de identidad que cambia y evoluciona en consonancia con los intercambios culturales (tras)nacionales y globales. La novela matiza el rol fundamental de la música popular en la enunciación de nuevos discursos que trasgreden las fronteras socioculturales. De ese modo, funciona como un espacio de re-escritura y reformulación de «lo dominicano» y nos presenta un catálogo híbrido de la identidad dominicana enmarcado en los confines de los circuitos globales y trasnacionales.
Su referente mediato es el período subsiguiente a la guerra civil de 1965, que se caracterizó por una actitud liberal y evasiva, en el que la diversión fue uno de los medios más eficaces para enterrar la memoria de un pasado político marcado por la intransigencia de la dictadura y la inestabilidad política. Hacia finales de la década de los sesenta y a lo largo de los setenta y ochenta el merengue postrujillista se insertó en la industria musical internacional en un momento de redefinición económica y cultural tanto en el ámbito local como en la comunidad global. Este espíritu de apertura y ruptura impulsó el nacimiento de un nuevo tipo de merengue y de una serie de íconos musicales populares que vigorizaron los cambios estéticos del género musical y lo insertaron en los nuevos circuitos trasnacionales. Papi adopta el discurso de este nuevo merengue y lo utiliza como vehículo para contextualizar los cambios que derivaron de la integración de la República Dominicana en el circuito trasnacional y global. El hecho de que Hernández destaque la época de renovación del merengue durante el período postrujillista no es fortuito. A diferencia del novelista Marcio Veloz Maggiolo, a Hernández no le interesa rescatar los orígenes del merengue pretrujillista para reivindicarlo como un símbolo nacional propio del pueblo y no de la dictadura, sino que propone un nuevo punto de partida en el que encontramos los orígenes de un merengue que emerge de nuevas coyunturas sociohistóricas y culturales.
A través de Papi, su personaje principal, y la representación literaria del merenguero dominicano Fernando Villalona, Hernández ventila la fatal pervivencia de la masculinidad hegemónica dominicana. En algunos momentos se vislumbran atisbos de ruptura con los patrones hegemónicos al destacar la punibilidad del comportamiento de Papi y Villalona con la muerte de uno y el encarcelamiento del otro. Sin embargo, las constantes reapariciones de Papi y la liberación de Villalona al poco tiempo indican que la ideología hegemónica es un mal endémico que hay que atacar ferozmente. Por esa razón, Papi acentúa algunas de las problemáticas sociales que aquejan a ambos sujetos a raíz de su constante fluir entre la República Dominicana y los Estados Unidos con la finalidad de restar importancia al tortuoso y trillado pasado dictatorial. Tanto estos dos personajes como otras figuras merengueras masculinas que incluyo en mi análisis compendian algunos de los valores atribuidos a una nueva subjetividad que resulta de la inmigración dominicana a Nueva York: el dominican york. Propongo que el énfasis en estas figuras y en la periodización del merengue postrujillista funcionan como herramientas para abordar una etapa sociohistórica que se mantuvo en los márgenes del ámbito literario hasta 2005, fecha en que se publica Papi.
Musiquita de terror
Desde el inicio, la música acompaña al personaje principal de la novela, al que conocemos con el nombre de Papi. En el capítulo de apertura, la narradora, una niña de ocho años que espera la llegada de su padre desde los Estados Unidos, compara a su progenitor con Jason, un ícono cinematográfico de filmes de terror estadounidenses: «Papi es como Jason, el de Viernes trece. O como Freddy Krueger. Más como Jason que como Freddy Krueger. Cuando uno menos lo espera se aparece». Con cada aparición del padre hay una melodía de fondo que anticipa su regreso y alimenta las ilusiones de la niña narradora: «Yo a veces hasta oigo la musiquita de terror y me pongo muy contenta porque sé que puede ser él que viene por ahí». La «musiquita» marca el tono de la novela: una historia del terror hegemónico que aún asedia a la nación dominicana. Debo puntualizar que el terror no viene acompañado del merengue, sino de la banda sonora de una película extranjera. Una lectura entre líneas revela que la autora aprovecha este momento inicial para anticipar que la novela es también una reflexión sobre la hibridez cultural que resulta de las nuevas formas de dictadura en la comunidad global. Aunque la música de Viernes trece, saga protagonizada por Jason, no es una imposición que proviene de un decreto oficial, el constante bombardeo de los productos extranjeros que se filtran en los medios se convierte en una nueva forma de opresión que en este caso marca el ritmo de la historia de una niña dominicana que espera ansiosa el regreso de su papá, un dominicano inmigrante que vende carros en los Estados Unidos. Esta música es, además, la señal que indica los múltiples regresos del papá, que, al igual que Jason, vuelve cada vez para matar simbólicamente los sueños y anhelos de su hija y de todas las mujeres a las que ha engañado: «Pero Jason sabe más que eso y se desaparece por meses y hasta años, hasta que a mí se me olvida que existe, entonces la musiquita de terror es el mismo Papi dando bocinazos desde su carro y yo bajo los escalones de cuatro en cuatro para que él me vuelva carne molida lo más pronto posible. Pero en lo que más se parece Papi a Jason no es que se aparece cuando una menos lo espera, sino es que vuelve siempre. Aunque lo maten».
Las reapariciones de Papi con su «musiquita de terror» simbolizan la perpetuación de los patrones masculinos dominantes del imaginario nacional dominicano. Es el emblema del hombre mujeriego cuyo valor se mide por la cantidad de mujeres que posee. Con tono irónico, la niña narra las travesías de algunas de las novias de su padre. Relata el pandemónium que suscitan las múltiples caras de las mujeres que la asedian y compiten con ella por la atención de su padre, y de manera hiperbólica muestra un catálogo de esos acosos: «Y cuando no son niñeras son las novias mismas […] Porque me han hecho esconderme adentro de sus pantihoses. Para que mami no me vea, para que las otras novias de Papi no me vean. Se disfrazan de mujeres policía, de compañeras de la universidad de mami, de saloneras, de muchachitas que van al colmado con shores y bajimamas».
Papi y la cultura dominican york
Además de mujeriego, Papi se erige como el arquetipo de la opulencia y de los excesos. A simple vista podríamos argüir que esta retórica de la abundancia lo sitúa como heredero del legado (neo)trujillista. Sin embargo, las coyunturas y la condición trasnacional del personaje demuestran que las razones que lo impulsan a adscribirse al culto de la abundancia espectacular responden a las expectativas sociales que conciernen al sujeto inmigrante expuesto a la gran maquinaria capitalista y no a las tendencias melómanas de Trujillo y su séquito. El personaje de Papi se constituye así como una voz marginal que, luego de haber probado suerte en el exterior, regresa triunfante a la República Dominicana, cargando el lastre del estereotipado «dominicano ausente», el dominican york: «Mi Papi tiene más carros que el diablo. Mi Papi tiene tantos carros, tantos pianos, tantos botes, metralletas, botas, chaquetas, chamarras, helipuertos, mi Papi tiene tantas botas, tiene más botas, mi Papi tiene tantas novias, mi Papi tiene tantas botas, de vaquero con águilas y serpientes dibujadas en la piel, botas de cuero, de hule, botas negras, marrones, rojas, blancas, color caramelo, color vino, verde olivo, azules como el azul de la bandera. Botas feas también. Botas para jugar polo y para cortar la grama. Botas de hacer motocross, mi Papi tiene motores, motonetas, motores ninja, animales domésticos, four wheels y velocípedos. Papi tiene el pelo rizado, negro y rizado, porque cuando era marino y tenía uniformes, blancos, kakis, botas, una escopeta de palo, una escopeta de mentira para hacerse fotos, mi Papi tenía el pelo muy corto, porque en la Marina de Guerra se lo cortaban a caco, con una navaja eléctrica que hacía zum zum y le quitó lo que le quedaba de rubio en la cabeza, porque es que Papi cuando era niño era muy rubio, con el pelo casi blanco, casi albino, y muy lacio y muy largo». Esta representación casi grotesca concuerda con la visión que los dominicanos de la isla tenían (y algunos aún tienen) sobre los émigrés dominicanos que se establecieron en los Estados Unidos y que se conocen con el nombre de dominican yorks. A pesar de que el término se aplica al conjunto de «los dominicanos ausentes» residentes en «los países», suele vincularse con la comunidad dominicana de Nueva York ya que fue y aún sigue siendo el enclave por excelencia de los dominicanos en los Estados Unidos.1
Si nos detenemos en la cita anterior un instante y analizamos algunas de las características que se le atribuyen a Papi, nos damos cuenta de que su retrato encaja con el perfil del dominican york. Angelina Tallaj describe a este sujeto social trasnacional como «los emigrantes dominicanos del campo y de la clase trabajadora que habían vuelto de Nueva York con el dinero suficiente para consumir productos de lujo».2 Mientras estuvo en la isla, antes de irse a los Estados Unidos, Papi era un marino de bajo estrato que tenía las posesiones que le había asignado el gobierno, «tenía uniformes, blancos, kakis, botas, una escopeta de palo». Cuando se inserta en la comunidad diaspórica, su situación económica cambia y pasa a ser propietario de concesionarios de carros. Regresa a la isla en numerosas ocasiones para exhibir los bienes materiales que ha adquirido (botes, pianos, chamarras, etc.). A pesar de que esta imagen borda lo caricaturesco, comulga con las pretensiones del dominican york de alardear con la prosperidad adquirida en el exterior. Las cadenas de oro, los carros y la ropa costosa son otros de los símbolos que validan su nuevo estatus y lo colocan en el ápice de la escalera jerárquica en su comunidad de origen: «Y luego, esto también ya yo lo había visto: cómo se calza los tenis Nike, pero se deja el traje de 2.000 dólares […]. Ya todo el mundo sabe que estás volviendo, que vas a regresar, que vuelves triunfante, con más cadenas de oro y más carros que el diablo. Ya todo el mundo lo sabe». Curiosamente, esta jerarquización y la constante adulación de sus compatriotas lo vinculan con la estructura de poder masculino que ha primado en la isla desde Trujillo hasta Balaguer y Leonel Fernández Reyna. De modo que a través de la figura de Papi, Hernández subraya que el sustrato hegemónico que aún prevalece en el imaginario dominicano penetra los sistemas de relaciones sociales en el circuito trasnacional.
En la misma cita, vemos, sin embargo, que el énfasis que se le da a la transformación física del personaje lo separa de la apariencia solemne de los líderes políticos antes mencionados y lo distancia aún más de la ideología hispanófila que ha servido como fundamento para el discurso identitario dominicano. El dominican york de los setenta y ochenta se reconocía por la indumentaria pomposa y de aspecto vulgar en tanto que la élite política dominicana se caracterizaba por el cuidado en el vestir. En la narración notamos que se filtran comentarios negativos sobre la apariencia de Papi que reflejan algunos de los prejuicios sobre los dominican yorks: «mi Papi tiene tantas botas, de vaquero con águilas y serpientes dibujadas en la piel […] Botas feas también». Sin embargo, estos prejuicios destacan las diferencias entre Papi y las estructuras de poder político de la nación. Vemos, además, que la descripción del pelo apunta hacia un cambio en la identidad del personaje que lo acerca más a su herencia afrodescendiente que al legado hispanófilo. En la isla, Papi tenía el pelo lacio y rubio mientras que tras su llegada a los Estados Unidos el pelo fue transformándose hasta convertirse en «negro y tupido y corto, un mini afro»
Otro aspecto de gran relevancia versa sobre la afición musical de Papi. En la descripción de su visita a una de sus casas, la narradora descubre su melomanía cuando nota que en todas partes de la casa hay «cassetteras» y tocadiscos: «Y es que Papi tiene música que una siempre tiene miedo a que él quite la canción antes de que se acabe. Él tiene un tocadiscos y una cassettera en cada habitación y en cada una hay un disco o un cassette ready to play». Luego, en un alarde de curiosidad, la narradora entra a las habitaciones designadas para el almacenamiento exclusivo de la colección de discos y «cassettes» de Papi: «hay una habitación para los merengues, y los estantes llegan al techo. Hay otras habitaciones para la música americana y hay una habitación pequeñita para la música clásica o música de muertos, como dice Papi, que realmente es el baño». El eclecticismo de su colección musical apunta hacia la articulación de un modelo de identidad híbrida que valida las tendencias musicales populares de la isla y de los Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, se privilegia el merengue sobre las otras dos categorías que conforman su colección. El hecho de que haya una sola habitación para los discos de merengue y que lleguen hasta el techo simboliza la prolífica y variada producción del merengue postrujillista, la nueva ola del merengue que rompió el discurso unívoco de la identidad cultural dominicana.
La narradora prosigue con la mención de varios de los discos de merengue que su padre tiene almacenados. No es coincidencia que las características que puntualiza en las imágenes encajen en la descripción física de Papi. Las coincidencias entre los retratos de la carátula y la nueva apariencia de Papi sugieren el impacto que tuvieron las transformaciones estéticas del merengue y sus representantes en la articulación de la nueva identidad del protagonista. Esto no solo permite que la narradora ubique a su papá en un grupo social, sino que ayuda a que un lector con ciertos conocimientos de la evolución sociocultural dominicana trasnacional ubique al personaje dentro de un período determinado. La relevancia de la confluencia física entre el padre y la estética del merengue de los setenta y ochenta se manifiesta en la importancia que la niña da a las carátulas de los discos y las detalladas descripciones que hace de las mismas: «Pero más que los discos a mí lo que me gustan son las carátulas. Las fotos y los dibujos de los cantantes haciendo poses en trono de mimbre o sosteniendo un micrófono como un muslo de pollo. Fotos en blanco y negro para que una sepa quién canta y quién es que toca qué. Algunos traen hasta la letra de los merengues para los que no pueden aprendérsela de oído. Fernandito el Mayimbe sentado en una roca con un sombrero de vaquero, a Cuco Valoy un policía le cae a macanazos, a Fausto Rey un gatico le trepa por el hombro y los Vecinos tienen botines blancos y peinados que combinan. Los Kenton se están separando, culmina Papi mientras mira una carátula en la que se unían a Bonny Cepeda para un concierto con trajes de karatecas y con afros que cada año van disminuyendo en tamaño».
En este punto creo que ya es obvio que algunas de las imágenes extravagantes de las portadas de los discos concuerdan con las características que se les atribuyen a los dominican yorks y enfrentan así al lector con la estética de un grupo marginado en el espacio isleño. En la descripción de la tapa del disco de Fernando Villalona, Fausto Rey y los Vecinos se sintetiza el gusto chabacano y estrambótico que evocaba el repudio de estos sujetos sociales en la sociedad dominicana (Tallaj, 19). Cabe señalar que en las descripciones de las carátulas de Cuco Valoy y el long play de Los Kenton con Bonny Cepeda se filtra una crítica social que aborda el tema de la negritud. En el caso de Los Kenton y Cepeda, la narradora apunta que el pajón se hace cada vez más pequeño, infiriendo así que parte de la nueva estética exigía que el pelo natural atravesara procesos químicos para desencresparlo. Aquí la autora aprovecha esta pequeña brecha para criticar las imposiciones que acarrea la inserción a nuevos mercados y circuitos trasnacionales. Por su parte, la foto del disco de Cuco Valoy es una crítica explícita al maltrato histórico al que han sido sometidos los negros tanto en la isla como en los Estados Unidos. El encuentro con las polaridades raciales en los Estados Unidos tuvo un incuestionable efecto en las transformaciones del arte popular dominicano. El ejemplo de Valoy invita a reflexionar sobre los cambios en las percepciones raciales de las primeras olas migratorias de dominicanos a Nueva York. Valoy, lo mismo que Papi y muchos de esa generación de merengueros, se vio atrapado en las telarañas de la discriminación racial trasnacional y sus experiencias fuera de la isla despertaron un entendimiento de su situación étnico-racial y de los rasgos afrodescendientes de su identidad.
Entre los muchos recuerdos que la niña tiene de su padre, los que la transportan a los espacios afectivos entre ella y Papi son, además, los momentos en los que la música está presente de algún modo. El merengue de la ruptura es, paradójicamente, el único elemento constante en las escasas experiencias que ella compartió con su padre. Una de esas experiencias tuvo lugar un fin de semana: «Los sábados en la mañana, Papi se levanta temprano y me prepara un desayuno él mismo y entonces corre de la licuadora al tocadiscos y de la estufa a la tostadora y de ahí de nuevo a la cassettera. Yo me levanto y me pregunto qué bulla es ésta. Y luego camino despacito hasta la sala y veo a Papi bailando, moviendo el fundillito con un delantal rojo que en letras blancas dice Chulo # I, en una mano un lp de Cuco Valoy y en la otra una bandeja de waffles o mangú con queso frito».
Tres voces populares: el Mayimbe, el Caballo y el Cuco
La importancia del merengue en la configuración de la identidad dominicana es indiscutible. Habría que añadir que el género musical ha servido como uno de los archivos más fiables de la historia dominicana. Hernández, al igual que otros escritores, acude a esta base de datos para crear un texto literario que se nutre del merengue de ruptura que emerge a finales de los sesenta y que evoluciona a la par con los acelerados cambios de los setenta y ochenta. Papi se convierte así en una especie de plataforma literaria que recoge íconos del merengue posdictatorial que se erigieron como los rostros y voces más conocidos en los circuitos trasnacionales. Tres de estas figuras se destacan en el capítulo dedicado a la música popular en la novela: Fernando Villalona, Johnny Ventura y Wilfrido Vargas. Tal y como he apuntado antes, este trío me servirá para demostrar que Papi puede leerse como un proyecto literario que busca desarticular el discurso exclusivista y homogéneo de la identidad dominicana a través de la integración al espacio literario de tres íconos del merengue posdictatorial que, además de dejar su impronta en la industria musical local, se insertan en la dinámica trasnacional y representan algunos de los valores atribuidos a la cultura dominican york.
La trayectoria musical del ícono musical Fernando Villalona, alias el Mayimbe, se inicia a principios de los setenta, época en que bullían una serie de transformaciones culturales en la República Dominicana.4 Cabe recordar que a partir de esa década empieza el constante vaivén de artistas entre la isla y la ciudad de Nueva York. Villalona se convirtió en una de las figuras icónicas del merengue trasnacional. Muchas de sus letras apelaban al sentimiento nostálgico de los «dominicanos ausentes», por lo que pasó a ser uno de los merengueros predilectos de los dominican yorks. Aunque reconozco que el énfasis.
que se pone en esta figura en la novela podría ser uno de los recursos que contribuye a la identificación de Papi con las características generales de la novela del dictador, ya que el Mayimbe representa algunos de los valores de la masculinidad hegemónica (De Maeseneer, 2008), creo que conviene reflexionar sobre las otras facetas de la caracterización del músico que contribuyen a la configuración de nuevas dimensiones de la identidad dominicana en el espacio trasnacional. Admito que hay aspectos de la representación literaria de Villalona que armonizan con la hipermasculinidad del personaje principal de Papi. No obstante, considero que su proyecto discursivo, más que fortalecer viejos patrones hegemónicos o encasillar a su protagonista como un personaje que representa la imagen del dictador, sirve para vigorizar la presencia de voces alternativas en el imaginario dominicano (tras)nacional. Antes vimos cómo algunas de las facetas de Papi y Villalona concuerdan con la imagen estereotipada del dominican york en la isla. Hay momentos en los que las coincidencias son tan obvias que sugieren el desplazamiento de las características del merenguero a Papi, o viceversa. La narradora cuenta, por ejemplo, que antes de su aparición en el Sabroshow, el Mayimbe llevaba unos «tenis Adidas y su camisita de ramos y su gorrita y su anillo de oro nadando sobre pelo crespo». En varias de las descripciones que hace de Papi, realza, como hemos visto, los mismos detalles físicos con los que describe al cantante. Incluso hay un episodio en el que observa que llevaba tenis hasta con sus trajes caros: «Y luego, esto también yo lo había visto: cómo se calza los tenis Nike, pero se deja el traje de 2.000 dólares». Estas coincidencias en la apariencia física son en sí mismas un acto de resistencia que aprovecha la visibilidad del merenguero para proyectar una imagen de la cultura popular dominicana trasnacional que desafía la solemnidad y rigidez que Trujillo impuso en la estética del merengue.
La elección de encasillar a Fernando Villalona en la categoría de dominican york podría resultar irónica para un lector que esté familiarizado con la biografía del cantante, ya que este residía en la isla. Sin embargo, basta con recordar su constante vaivén entre la República Dominicana y Manhattan a raíz del cual se erigió como un ídolo musical trasnacional que trasgredió los rígidos límites geográficos y culturales que delineaban la identidad dominicana. Sus composiciones musicales apelaban tanto a la realidad de la isla como a la comunidad inmigrante en los Estados Unidos. De esa manera sus merengues se insertaron en esta dinámica trasnacional. De igual modo, Papi trasgrede todas las líneas fronterizas entre ambos espacios. Sus continuos desplazamientos impiden que el lector determine su localización. Esta coincidencia es de suma importancia ya que desarticula las nociones homogéneas de la identidad dominicana con la introducción de sujetos trasnacionales y la reinvención del género musical popular.
Con la representación literaria de Fernando Villalona, la autora destaca, además, dimensiones de la cultura merenguera marginadas por su asociación con la subcultura de los dominican yorks y con el espíritu de rebeldía de la juventud de la época. Su conducta delictiva, en una sociedad dominicana que aún velaba por la preservación de los rígidos valores impuestos durante el trujillato y que estaba bajo la estructura militar de Balaguer, resultó trasgresora. La narradora ambienta aquel episodio de los ochenta en que el Mayimbe fue detenido en la capital dominicana por posesión de marihuana. Con tono de burla recrea las justificaciones que se hicieron del delito para luego develar la verdad que nunca se dijo para preservar la imagen incorruptible del espacio isleño: «Fernandito Villalona, alias el Mayimbe, acaba de ser detenido por posesión de Orégano y Cilantro. El afamado intérprete de La Jamaquita y Tabaco y ron fue interceptado por una patrulla que encontró en la guantera del cantante Orégano y Cilantro según indicó el examen químico que se lleva a cabo en estos casos […] Voces venían corriendo calle abajo, afuera de la tele voceaban: lo agarraron con yerba, lo agarraron con yerba». A pesar de que al destacar este hecho parecería que se está perpetuando la imagen estereotipada de los sujetos sociales que entran en contacto o forman parte de la subcultura dominican york, creo que Hernández utiliza esta veta para generar un nuevo discurso identitario que propone insertar las dimensiones marginales de «lo dominicano», subvirtiendo así los parámetros impuestos por la ciudad (neo)trujillista.
Cabe notar que en el mismo episodio la narradora revela que la inmediata excarcelación del Mayimbe se debió a la intervención de un líder político, el síndico José Francisco Peña Gómez. Hay aquí una crítica implícita a la práctica del clientelismo político y a las relaciones sociales que derivan de ella. Solo que aquí el poder no yace en las manos del político que saca de la cárcel al cantante, sino en el favor público que recibe el político del pueblo por salvar a su ícono, al «niño mimado», de las garras de la ley. Con este hecho la autora muestra, como ya he puntualizado antes, que, pese a las continuas luchas en contra del poder hegemónico, hay aspectos de la cultura popular que aún mantienen afiliaciones políticas. Hernández presenta otros líderes merengueros masculinos carismáticos que desarrollaron el merengue como espectáculo y vigorizaron su inserción en la industria musical internacional en una época en que la migración dominicana a Estados Unidos alcanzó cifras elevadas. Destaca la figura de Johnny Ventura, a quien se le acredita el haber sido uno de los primeros en difundir el merengue moderno, de ritmo acelerado y complicados fraseos. Papi adopta esta misma estética acelerada y complicada a lo largo de la trama.
Al igual que el merengue de Ventura, el texto puede leerse como un merengue moderno, caracterizado por su gran celeridad, fugacidad y una estructura compleja. Desde el plano estructural, la influencia de Ventura en la novela es mucho más palpable en la forma que en el contenido. No obstante, la narradora reconoce la repercusión del fenómeno Ventura en el germen de las corrientes merengueras más fértiles, que generó el interés de bandas y músicos por seguir este estilo. Cuando compara los ídolos musicales que le gustan a Papi y los que ella prefiere, admite que su favorito es Johnny Ventura y su Combo Show porque con él germina una nueva modalidad del merengue tanto en la ejecución como en la interpretación que se despoja de la pomposidad y la solemnidad de la gran orquesta de salón que instituyó Trujillo. Igualmente, propone un formato más ágil que presenta mayor soltura corporal y proyecta una imagen más sexualizada como metáfora de la libertad: «A Papi Cuco Valoy le gusta mucho, a mí no tanto, sobre todo cuando saca su campanita y dice: ¡y ahora es que vamos a hacer brujería! A mí me gusta más Johnny Ventura y su Combo Show, todos con pantalones muy apretados, que según mi tía Leysi se meten medias en los pantaloncillos para que se les vea más grande y bailan al mismo tiempo, con camisas de color con los botones abiertos hasta el ombligo y los pelos y la cadena de oro afuera».
Asimismo, resalta la figura de Wilfrido Vargas, ídolo musical de los setenta que continuó el proceso de ruptura del merengue respecto a los patrones tradicionales asociados con el régimen dictatorial. Hernández también emula la estética de Vargas en la estructura de la novela. En diversas ocasiones la lectura de Papi se asemeja al baile de un largo y acelerado merengue suyo en el que convergen tanto el inglés como el español. Wilfrido fue uno de los pioneros en incluir fraseos en inglés en los merengues setenteros.
Hernández recrea este cambio en algunos de los contenidos de la novela. La representación literaria del cantante, al igual que la de Villalona y Ventura, contribuye al fortalecimiento de identidades alternativas en el imaginario dominicano. Él también forma parte de una nueva estética física que recrea la imagen estándar del dominican york. En la cita en la que describe a Johnny Ventura en la página anterior, la autora señala «las camisas con botones abiertos hasta el ombligo y los pelos y la cadena de oro afuera» que usa el cantante. Las observaciones subsiguientes sitúan a Ventura y a Vargas en el mismo plano: «Igual que Wilfrido Vargas, y yo creo que con las cadenas se mandan señales, como cuando uno se manda reflejitos con un espejo de una azotea a otra». Con esto queda sugerido que la fuerza de ese nuevo merengue recae en la armonía de las voces y la conjugación de las nuevas tendencias sin violentar la originalidad de cada uno –Ventura se caracteriza por la soltura corporal, el Mayimbe por su gran carisma y Vargas por tocar la trompeta–. Debo señalar que la presencia de Vargas y Ventura refleja las transformaciones culturales y económicas que se dieron cita en la época. No podemos olvidar que los combos, como el de Ventura, y las diferentes bandas musicales de Vargas eran también pequeñas empresas económicas que, al igual que Papi, se integraron en la maquinaria del consumo global y que, a pesar de sus varios intentos de reaparición, finalmente quedaron relegados. Hernández rescata de las garras del olvido ese pasado tan próximo a la realidad de nuestros días para urdir una nueva narrativa de «lo dominicano». Aprovecha su posicionamiento no solo como escritora, sino como ícono de la música popular contemporánea para incorporar las voces que reanimaron el espíritu trasgresor del merengue. A través de la música popular, Hernández logra construir nuevas «ficciones fundacionales» que parten de los discursos populares obviados por la oficialidad. «Lo dominicano» se reformula en la mutua interacción y «contaminación» entre el merengue posdictatorial y la literatura. Con ello se pretende reconstruir la nación como un espacio de interacción que acoja la hibridez y la realidad trasnacional.
Notas
1 En el argot dominicano, «los países» suele referirse a Nueva York u otras grandes ciudades o países de destino de la inmigración dominicana.
2 En A Country That Ain’t Really Belong To Me: Dominicanyorks, identity and Popular Music (2006), la etnomusicóloga Angelina Tallaj advierte la demonización de este subgrupo trasnacional en la comunidad dominicana de la isla. A lo largo de mi análisis vemos cómo Hernández parte de esa «demonización» para validar la presencia de esta subjetividad en el discurso identitario dominicano.
3 La presencia de Valoy es importante en el texto porque simboliza la ruptura con el silencio histórico de las tradiciones afrodominicanas en el merengue.
4 «Mayimbe. Dirigente, jefe de alta jerarquía. Tiene cierta connotación peyorativa o burlesca. En la República Dominicana este concepto fue adoptado por la farándula: el cantante popular Fernando Villalona se hace llamar “el Mayimbe”, Alex Bueno, “el Mayimbito” y Fefita la Grande “la Mayimba”» (Inoa, Diccionario de dominicanismos).
Bibliografía selecta
De Maeseneer, Rita: «¿Cómo dejar de narrar el (neo) trujillato?» en Aproximaciones a la literatura dominicana. Volumen II (1980-2005). Ed.: Rei Berroa. Santo Domingo: Banco Central de la República Dominicana, 2008, pp. 221-237. Hernández, Rita Indiana: Papi. 2.a edición. España: Editorial Periférica, 2011. Pérez, Odalís G.: Literatura dominicana y memoria cultural: ritmos y tiempos de la alteridad. Santo Domingo: Editora Manatí, 2005. Tejeda, Darío: La pasión danzaria: Música y baile en el Caribe a través del merengue y la bachata. Santo Domingo: Academia de Ciencias de República Dominicana, 200
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